| Solar panel | Solar array act as instruments that transform sunlight to electricity using photovoltaic cells. These are an eco-friendly and sustainable energy source, decreasing reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar thermal collector is a system that captures sunlight to convert heat, generally used for hot water production or space heating applications. It successfully converts solar energy into thermal energy, reducing reliance on conventional energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Solar thermal energy harnesses sun rays to generate heat, which can be used for water heating, space warming, or electricity generation. It is a renewable and eco-friendly technology that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and lowers GHG emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a scenic seaside town in West Sussex County, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a delightful blend of beaches with soft sands, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | The country of England is a historic nation in the UK known for its abundant cultural legacy, famous sights, and bustling cities like the capital. It boasts a mixed scenery of gentle slopes, historic forts, and busy metropolitan areas that combine tradition with contemporary advancements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Daylight is the natural radiance emitted by the star, essential for life on Earth as it offers fuel for photosynthesis and shapes climate and weather patterns. It also adds to our well-being by regulating our circadian rhythms and boosting vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electricity is a form of energy resulting from the flow of electrically charged entities, primarily electrons. It fuels numerous appliances and infrastructures, facilitating today’s lifestyle and technological progress. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into electricity using photovoltaic panels composed of semi-conductor materials. It is a renewable energy source that reduces reliance on non-renewable fuels and helps mitigate environmental impact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are subatomic particles with a negative electric charge that orbit the nucleus of an atom, playing a key role in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions determine the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | DC is the unidirectional stream of electric charge, generally produced by batteries, electrical sources, and solar cells. It provides a constant voltage or current, making it essential for electronic devices and low voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A cell is a instrument that holds chemical energy and changes it into electric power to power various digital equipment. It includes multiple electrochemical cells, each housing anode and cathode interposed by an electrolytic substance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | An photovoltaic system converts sunlight immediately into electricity using solar panels made of solar cells. It is an environmentally friendly power option that minimizes reliance on fossil fuels and promotes sustainable energy production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A photovoltaic inverter is a instrument that changes direct current (DC) created by solar panels into alternating current (AC) appropriate for domestic use and utility connection. It is vital for maximizing energy efficiency and providing safe, reliable power output from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | AC is an electric current that changes direction regularly, typically used in domestic and business power supplies. It permits effective transmission of electricity over great lengths and is marked by its voltage and current waveforms, commonly sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A power management device is a device that manages the voltage and current coming from a solar panel to prevent batteries from overcharging and harm. It guarantees optimal energy flow and extends the lifespan of the battery bank. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A measuring instrument is a instrument used to measure the dimension, volume, or level of something accurately. It includes instruments like scales, climate gauges, and barometers that provide precise readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | An solar tracker is a system that automatically adjusts its orientation of solar panels to track the sun's movement across the day, increasing energy absorption. This technology enhances the efficiency of solar power systems by maintaining maximum sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Photovoltaic installations are large-scale installations that harness sunlight to generate electricity using a multitude of solar panels. They offer a sustainable and eco-friendly energy power, decreasing reliance on fossil fuels and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Roof-mounted solar energy involves setting up photovoltaic cells on roofs of buildings to generate electricity from sunlight. This renewable energy source helps reduce reliance on fossil fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | An grid-connected solar energy setup transforms sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a sustainable energy solution. It improves energy efficiency and reduces reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to take advantage of potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as carbon dioxide, CH4, and N2O into the atmosphere, primarily from human activities like fossil fuel combustion and tree clearing. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A space-based solar power system is an artificial satellite equipped with solar panels that absorb sunlight and generate power. This electricity is then sent wirelessly to our planet for utilization as a sustainable energy source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Residential energy storage solutions save excess energy generated from green sources or the grid for future use, boosting energy independence and effectiveness. These solutions typically utilize batteries to offer backup power, lower energy costs, and assist grid robustness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The chronology of photovoltaic cells chronicles the progress and advancements in solar power tech from the initial discovery of the solar effect to modern high-efficiency photovoltaic modules. It highlights key innovations, including the invention of the original silicon solar cell in 1954 and ongoing developments that have greatly enhanced energy transformation and cost efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Edmond Becquerel was a French-born physicist by profession renowned for his groundbreaking work in the study of the photovoltaic effect and luminescence. His experiments laid the foundation for understanding how light interacts with certain media to create electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Smith was a British electrical engineer and researcher known for discovering the photoconductivity of selenium in 1873. His research formed the basis for the development of the photoconductive cell and advancements in early photographic and electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | Selenium is an open-source platform used for automated testing of web browsers, enabling testers to mimic user interactions and verify web application functionalities. It supports various programming languages and browsers, making it a versatile tool for test automation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a British scientist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of light and optical science, particularly the discovery of the polarization effect of light reflected from clear materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic waves and the development of optical science. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was a an US innovator who created the first working selenium solar cell in 1883. His groundbreaking work set the foundation for the contemporary photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | An coal-powered power plant generates electricity by firing coal to produce steam that powers turbines connected to generators. This process releases significant amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an United States scientist credited with identifying the solar cell and improving the understanding of semiconductor materials. His work formed the basis of modern photovoltaic technology and the creation of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Laboratories is a renowned innovative entity traditionally associated with AT&T, known for pioneering innovations in telecommunications, computing, and materials science. It has been the origin of numerous groundbreaking inventions, including the semiconductor device and the laser. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a element with the symbol Si and atomic number 14, widely known for its crucial role in the fabrication of electronic devices and solar cells. It is a hard, brittle crystal solid with a steel-gray shine, predominantly employed as a semi-conductor in the technology sector. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A micro-inverter is a small device installed on each solar panel to change direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) on-site. This approach increases system effectiveness, enables enhanced performance monitoring, and increases energy yield in photovoltaic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A solar cell is a unit that transforms sunlight straight into electricity through the solar energy process. It is often used in photovoltaic systems to offer a sustainable and eco-friendly energy power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | An PV (photovoltaic) system converts sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a green energy technology that provides eco-friendly power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | An photon acts as a fundamental particle representing a quantum of light and other electromagnetic radiation, carrying with it energy and momentum and energy without possessing rest mass. It plays a key role in the interactions between matter and electromagnetic fields, facilitating phenomena such as reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The photovoltaic effect is the phenomenon by which particular compounds turn sunlight directly into electricity through the production of electron-hole pairs. This effect is the fundamental foundation behind solar panel systems, allowing the harnessing of solar solar power for electricity production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | An wafer in electronics is a fine slice of semiconductor material, typically silicon, used as the foundation for creating integrated circuits. It serves as the main platform where microchips are built through processes like doping, etching, and layering. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a extremely pure form of silicon used predominantly in the manufacturing of photovoltaic cells and electronic components due to its superb semiconductor properties. Its organized, systematic crystal lattice enables efficient electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Thin-film photovoltaic devices are a type of solar energy technology characterized by their lightweight, bendable structure, and ability to be fabricated over extensive surfaces at a reduced expense. They use layers of semiconductor materials only a few micrometers thick to effectively turn sunlight into electrical energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the permanent forces exerted by the weight of construction parts and permanent equipment, while live loads are movable forces such as occupants, fixtures, and environmental factors. Both are essential considerations in engineering design to guarantee safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits link components sequentially, so the same current passes through all devices, while parallel circuits link components across the identical voltage source, permitting several paths for current. These configurations influence the circuit's overall resistance, current distribution, and voltage drops. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electrification represents the speed at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit, mainly utilized for powering devices and appliances. Produced through various sources such as fossil fuels, nuclear, and green energy, and is essential for contemporary living. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A watt is a standard of power in the SI system, indicating the rate of energy transfer or transformation. It is the same as one unit of energy per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electronic pressure difference between two points, which causes the movement of electric current in a circuit. It is measured in V and represents the energy per unit charge accessible to transport electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A volt is the derived unit of electric potential, voltage difference, and electromotive force in the SI system. It measures the potential energy per unit charge between two points in an electrical network. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electrical current is the flow of electrical charge through a conductor, commonly measured in A. It is necessary for energizing electronic equipment and allowing the working of electrical circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Amp serves as the standard of electrical current in the SI units, symbolized as A. It quantifies the movement of electric charge through a circuit over a time span. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load indicates the amount of electrical power or current demanded by appliances and Electrical load in a circuit. It affects the design and size of power systems to guarantee secure and efficient energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A junction box is an electrical casing used to safely house wire connections, providing a core for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures neat and reliable connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 is a uniform photovoltaic connector used to attach solar panels in a secure and dependable manner. It features a clip-in design with waterproof sealing, providing durability and efficient electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power delivers a easy and standardized method of supplying electrical energy to devices through common ports. It is commonly used for charging and supplying a wide range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A power converter is a unit that transforms direct current (DC) from sources like cells or solar panels into alternating current (AC) suitable for home devices. It allows the use of regular electrical equipment in environments where only DC power is available. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | An battery pack serves as a collection of numerous individual batteries assembled to store and supply electrical energy for various devices. It provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Sun tracking devices automatically align the orientation of solar modules to track the sun’s path throughout the daytime, enhancing power intake. This technology boosts the effectiveness of solar energy collection by ensuring best solar array alignment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a method used to optimize the power output of solar panel setups by constantly tuning the working point to correspond to the maximum power point of the photovoltaic modules. This procedure ensures the highest efficiency energy harvesting, especially under differing environmental factors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | An power optimizer functions as a device used in solar energy systems to maximize energy output by separately improving the performance of each solar panel. It improves overall system efficiency by cutting down on energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A solar performance monitor is a instrument that tracks and examines the effectiveness of solar panel systems in instantaneous, offering useful data on energy generation and system condition. It assists maximize solar power generation by spotting issues ahead of time and ensuring maximum efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Lightweight solar cells are thin, versatile photovoltaic devices made by depositing slim layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a cost-effective and flexible alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in different portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Photovoltaic cells convert solar radiation directly into electricity through the photoelectric effect, making them a sustainable energy source. They are frequently used in solar panels to generate electricity for homes, devices, and complete solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a substance composed of countless small silicon crystal structures, frequently used in photovoltaic panels and microchip production. Its production involves liquefying and reforming silicon to generate a high-purity, polycrystalline structure fit for electronic devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Mono silicon is a high-purity type of silicon with a uniform crystal arrangement, making it extremely capable for use in solar panels and electronic devices. Its homogeneous framework allows for improved electron flow, resulting in higher performance compared to other silicon types. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | CdTe photovoltaics constitute a kind of thin film solar system that offers a affordable and efficient solution for massive solar energy production. They are known as their excellent absorption performance and relatively low manufacturing fees compared to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CIGS photovoltaic devices are laminate solar devices that employ a layered compound of Cu, indium, gallium, and selenium to turn sunlight into electricity efficiently. They are noted for their great absorption effectiveness, flexibility, and possibility for compact, economical solar power solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Amorphous silicon is a non-ordered molecular structure, making it easier to handle and more straightforward to layer than ordered silicon. It is frequently used in thin-film solar cells and electronic devices due to its cost-effectiveness and flexible characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Third-generation photovoltaic cells aim to exceed traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing cutting-edge materials and new techniques such as multi-junction stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on enhancing energy conversion, cutting costs, and expanding applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-structured solar cells are innovative photovoltaic modules that employ multiple p-n connections layered together to collect a broader spectrum of the solar spectrum, substantially increasing their efficiency. These are mostly employed in space satellites and high-performance solar power installations due to their outstanding energy transformation capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Spacecraft solar arrays serve as crucial elements that transform solar radiation into electricity to supply onboard instrumentation. They are typically lightweight, durable, and designed to operate efficiently in the harsh environment of space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are compounds composed of several elements, typically involving a metallic element and a non-metallic element, used in high-frequency electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer superior performance in applications such as lasers, light-emitting diodes, and high-frequency switching devices compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | GaAs is a compound-based semiconductor famous for its high electron mobility and performance in RF and optoelectronic applications. It is frequently used in devices such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | CPV use optics or mirrors to focus sunlight onto very efficient multi-junction solar cells, substantially improving energy transformation efficiency. This approach is perfect for massive solar power plants in regions with direct sunlight, delivering a economical option for intensive energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Thin-film silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its compact and flexible form factor. It offers a affordable alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in building-integrated photovoltaics and mobile energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS thin-film solar cell utilize a delicate coating of copper indium gallium selenide as the solar semiconductor, known for high efficiency and flexibility. They offer a lightweight, budget-friendly alternative to conventional silicon PV modules with great output in different weather scenarios. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film refers to a slender layer of material, often measured in nm or micrometers, used in various technological uses. These coatings are vital in electronic devices, light manipulation, and films for their distinctive physical and chemical features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Roof-mounted solar PV systems harness the sun's rays to generate electricity directly on building rooftops, providing a sustainable and cost-effective energy solution. They help cut down dependence on fossil fuels, reduce electricity bills, and contribute to green initiatives. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A coating is a layer of material spanning a few nanometers to several micrometers in thickness, often placed on surfaces for purposeful functions. These coatings are used in diverse fields, including electronic devices, light manipulation, and medicine, to alter surface properties or create specific device functionalities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nanometers are measurement units the same as one-billionth of a meter, often utilized to depict extremely small distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are crucial in areas such as nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for determining structures and particles at the nanoscale. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Calipers are high-precision devices used to accurately measure tiny gaps or thicknesses, typically in mechanical engineering and manufacturing. They feature a adjusted screw device that allows for precise readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon wafer is a slender, ring-shaped segment of silicon crystal used as the platform for fabricating semiconductor devices. It serves as the primary material in the manufacture of semiconductor chips and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | CIGS photovoltaic cells are thin-film solar modules famous for their superior output and adaptability, perfect for various uses. They utilize a layered semiconductor structure that turns sunlight immediately into power with outstanding performance in low-light conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon is a form of silicon used in solar panels, characterized by its several crystal grains that give it a mottled appearance. It is noted for being cost-effective and having a moderately high efficiency in turning sunlight into energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Solar power setups convert sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels, supplying a sustainable energy source for household, business, and grid applications. They offer a clean, long-lasting, and economical way to decrease reliance on fossil fuels and lower CO2 emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cell are a type of photovoltaic technology that uses perovskite-structured compound as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cell have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A photo-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a solar energy device that transforms sunlight into power using a photosensitive dye to capture light and create electron flow. It offers a affordable and versatile alternative to traditional silicon-based solar cells, with potential for transparent and lightweight applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot photovoltaic cells utilize nanosized semiconductor particles to enhance light absorption and energy conversion through quantum size effects. This technology offers the possibility for cost-effective, flexible, and highly efficient solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic solar cells are solar cells that employ carbon-based compounds, to transform sunlight into electric power. They are easy to handle, bendable, and provide lower-cost, broad solar energy applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide is a promising electronic material used in laminate solar cells due to its plentiful and safe elements. Its favorable optoelectronic properties make it an desirable substitute for sustainable photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics integrated solar building solutions seamlessly incorporate solar power systems into the design of construction components, such as roof surfaces, facades, and glazing. This innovative approach enhances power savings while maintaining design elegance and building integrity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency permits light to pass through a material bearing minimal distortion, making objects behind clearly visible. Translucency permits light to scatter through, making detailed visibility obscured but still allowing shapes and light to pass through. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Window film installation involves the process of applying a transparent film to the inside or outside of vehicle or building panes to block glare, heat, and ultraviolet rays. It boosts privacy, enhances energy efficiency, and gives a sleek aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A collection of solar power stations information various massive solar energy installations around the world, demonstrating their output and locations. These plants serve a important role in green energy generation and global efforts to cut carbon pollution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Photovoltaic power stations are large-scale installations that transform sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels. They play a vital role in renewable energy generation, reducing reliance on coal and oil, and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Environmental challenges encompass a wide range of problems such as contamination, climate change, and tree clearing that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires joint initiatives to promote green approaches and protect wild habitats. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Sustainable power comes from natural sources that are renewably sourced, such as sunlight, wind, and hydropower. It offers a renewable option to fossil fuels, minimizing environmental harm and promoting long-term energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Non-sustainable energy resources, such as coal, petroleum, and methane, are limited reserves formed over extensive periods and are consumed when used. They are the main fuels for electricity generation and transportation but pose environmental and long-term viability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Electricity generation involves converting various power sources such as fossil fuels, atomic energy, and green energy into electrical energy. This process usually takes place in power stations where rotating machinery and generators work together to produce electric current for grid delivery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are thick, toxic elements such as lead, mercury, metallic cadmium, and As that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Photovoltaic performance indicates how efficiently a solar cell transforms sunlight into usable power. Improving this efficiency is crucial for maximizing renewable energy production and decreasing reliance on non-renewable resources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric effect occurs when light shining on a metal surface ejects electronic particles from that surface, demonstrating the particle nature of light. This occurrence provided critical proof for the development of quantum theory by showing that photon energy is quantified. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Rapid life testing involves placing products to higher-than-normal stresses to speedily determine their durability and forecast their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps identify potential failures and enhance product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The growth of photovoltaics has quickened rapidly over the past decade, driven by technological progress and decreasing costs. This development is changing the global energy landscape by increasing the share of clean solar power in electricity generation processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar pertains to large solar power plants built to generate electricity on a industrial scale, delivering power directly to the grid. These projects typically cover vast areas and utilize solar panels or solar heating systems to produce renewable energy efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A lens is a clear device that refracts light to converge or diverge rays, creating images. It is frequently used in instruments like cameras, glasses, and microscopes to manipulate light for better vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The incidence angle is the angle between an incoming light ray and the perpendicular line perpendicular to the surface at the contact point. It controls how light interacts with the surface, influencing reflection and refraction properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-glare coating is a thin layer applied to lens surfaces to reduce glare and enhance light passage. It improves the crispness and illumination of optical devices by cutting down on stray reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Canceling interference occurs when a pair of waves meet in a manner that their wave heights counteract each other, causing a reduction or total eradication of the resultant wave. This event usually happens when these waves are out of phase by 180 degrees. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | Alternating current refers to an electric current that periodically reverses, typically used in power supply systems. The electrical potential changes in a sinusoidal pattern as time progresses, enabling efficient transmission across extensive ranges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A compact inverter is a tiny device used to change direct current (DC) from a individual solar module into AC suitable for home applications. It improves system performance by enhancing power output at the module level and eases installation and maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | Alternating current power, or alternating current power, is electricity delivered through a network where the voltage level and current cyclically reverse direction, enabling cost-effective transmission over extended ranges. It is generally used in residences and commercial sectors to operate various appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A direct current connector is a type of electrical coupling used to deliver direct current (DC) power from a power supply to an electronic equipment. It generally consists of a cylindrical plug and jack that ensure a firm and dependable connection for multiple electronic uses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Labs is a worldwide security approval body that assesses and endorses products to confirm they comply with specific security requirements. It assists consumers and companies find reliable and safe products through strict assessment and analysis procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Series-connected circuits are electrical networks in which components are connected end-to-end, forming a one path for current. In this setup, the constant electric current passes through all components, and the sum voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel electrical circuits are electronic circuits where components are connected between the same voltage source, offering multiple paths for current flow. This setup allows components to operate autonomously, with the total current divided among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | An diode is a electronic device that allows current to move in one sense exclusively, serving as a single-direction valve for electrical current. It is commonly used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in circuit systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An automobile auxiliary power outlet is a connection, typically 12 volt, designed to deliver electrical power for different devices and add-ons inside of a car. It permits users to charge electronic devices or operate small devices during on the move. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a standard for linking devices to computers, enabling data transmission and power delivery. It backs a broad spectrum of devices such as input devices, mice, external drives, and mobile phones, with different versions providing higher speeds and enhanced performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency relates to the portion of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell converts into electrical energy. Boosting this efficiency is crucial for optimizing energy production and making solar power economical and renewable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The NREL is a U.S. DOE federal research facility dedicated to R&D in renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies. It aims to advance breakthroughs in solar, wind, biomass energy, and other sustainable energy sources to enable a clean energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses every kind of EM radiation, extending from radio signals to gamma rays, each with different lengths and energies. This range is fundamental to many technologies and natural events, allowing communication, healthcare imaging, and comprehension of the outer space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | Ultraviolet light is a form of EM radiation with a wave length shorter than visible light but longer than X ray radiation, primarily produced by the solar radiation. It has a crucial role in such as vitamin D production but can also result in skin harm and photoaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a type of electromagnetic wave with longer wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Monochromatic refers to a color design based on shades of a sole hue, using different shades, tints, and tones to create harmony and unity. This layout approach emphasizes simplicity and grace by maintaining steady color elements throughout a layout. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Radiance refers to the strength of electromagnetic radiation per square unit incident on a surface, typically measured in watts per square meter. It is a important parameter in areas like solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, indicating the strength of sunlight reaching a given area. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | watts per square meter is a measurement unit used to calculate the strength of energy or energy flow received or emitted over a specific area, often in areas such as meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It aids in comprehending the dispersion and movement of power across regions, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the range of different tones or wavebands of electromagnetic radiation, perceptible or alternatively. It is often used to depict the distribution of light or signal bandwidths in multiple scientific and technological contexts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An air mass is a large body of air with fairly consistent thermal and humidity characteristics, coming from from specific origin areas. These air masses influence weather systems and air conditions as they travel over various regions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Sun's energy output is the measure of the energy per unit area received from the solar source in the manner of electromagnetic radiation. It varies with solar phenomena and Earth's weather systems, impacting global climate and local weather. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Soiling in solar energy refers to the accumulation of dust, and impurities on the panels of solar panels, which decreases their output. Consistent upkeep and care are essential to minimize energy decrease and maintain best efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage refers to the maximum voltage accessible from a power source when no current is flowing, spanning its terminals. It indicates the potential difference of a device when it is disconnected from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current is the peak electrical current that passes through a circuit when a short connection, or short circuit, occurs, going around the normal load. It creates a significant safety hazard and can cause damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (Wp) is a assessment of the highest power generation of a solar array under optimal sunlight conditions. It shows the module's peak capacity to generate electricity in typical testing conditions . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A voltmeter is an electrical instrument used to determine the voltage between two locations in a electrical system. It is widely employed in different electrical and electronic fields to verify proper voltage levels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a occurrence in photovoltaic modules where elevated voltage stress causes a significant reduction in power generation and performance. It occurs due to current leakage and ion migration within the solar cell components, leading to performance decline over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron is a metalloid element necessary for plant growth and used in various industrial uses, like glassmaking and semiconductor manufacturing. It possesses distinctive chemical traits that make it valuable in manufacturing durable, heatproof materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A photovoltaic mounting system securely supports photovoltaic modules, ensuring optimal tilt and orientation for best sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand weather conditions while providing a solid and long-lasting foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A sun-powered power plant harnesses sunlight using vast arrays of photovoltaic modules to produce renewable electricity. It offers an environmentally friendly energy source, cutting down reliance on fossil fuels and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the integrated approach of employing land for both solar power production and farming, making the most of space and resources. This approach improves crop production while at the same time producing renewable energy, fostering sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial solar panels are solar energy devices designed to harvest sunlight on both sides, enhancing overall energy generation. They are typically mounted in a way that improves effectiveness by taking advantage of albedo mirroring and bounced sunlight from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A solar-powered canopy is a framework that provides shelter while creating electricity through built-in solar panels. It is often installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to merge environmental benefits with functional design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar panel setup is a assembly of several photovoltaic modules configured to generate electricity from sunlight. It is often used in green energy setups to generate environmentally friendly, sustainable power for multiple applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A outdoor cover is a framework that delivers shade and shelter from the elements for exterior areas. It improves the practicality and aesthetic appeal of a terrace, making it a pleasant space for leisure and gatherings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The zenith angle is the angle between the upright line directly overhead and the line of sight to a heavenly body. It is applied in astronomy and meteorology to describe the position of objects in the heavens relative to an onlooker. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The azimuth angle is a horizontal angle measured clockwise from a reference direction, typically true north, to the line linking an surveyor to a target object. It is often used in routing, land measurement, and astronomy to define the orientation of an object in relation to the observer's position. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Setting up solar panels exposes workers to risks such as fall hazards and electrical shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to harsh weather conditions and potential musculoskeletal injuries pose significant occupational hazards of solar panel installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | Cadmium telluride is a electronic substance extensively utilized in thin-film solar cells due to its high efficiency and cost-effectiveness. It exhibits outstanding optical properties, making it a preferred choice for solar applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | An list of photovoltaics companies features the top manufacturers and suppliers focused on solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions worldwide. These companies are essential in driving solar energy integration and advancement across different markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A gigawatt is a measure of electricity equal to one billion watt, used to quantify massive electricity output and consumption. It is typically associated with electricity stations, power grids, and large-scale power projects worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | First Solar is a worldwide leader in solar PV energy solutions, focused on making thin film-based solar cells that provide high-performance and economical power output. The organization is focused on sustainable energy development and decreasing the world's reliance on fossil fuels through cutting-edge solar technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology expertise in effortlessly linking various components of factory and automation systems to improve performance and trustworthiness. It aims on creating innovative solutions that promote smooth communication and interoperability among different tech platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic is a leading Chinese-based corporation focused on manufacturing and innovating solar solar products and solutions. Renowned for state-of-the-art tech and green energy projects in the the renewable energy industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a unit of energy equal to 1,000,000,000 watts, often employed to describe the ability of massive power generation or consumption. It highlights the huge power scale involved in current energy infrastructure and technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Experience curve effects refer to the effect where the unit cost decreases as cumulative output grows, due to learning and efficiencies obtained over time. This phenomenon highlights the importance of stored knowledge in cutting expenses and improving productivity in production and other operations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Photovoltaics convert sunlight directly into electricity using semiconductor substances, primarily silicon. This system is a pure, green energy source that helps cut down reliance on fossil fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the expense of creating solar or wind energy is equivalent to or lower than the cost of buying power from the power grid. Achieving Grid parity signifies that green energy sources are cost-effectively comparable with fossil fuel-based fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity acts as the standard electrical power supplied to residences and companies through a system of power lines, providing a reliable source of energy for numerous appliances. It usually operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, according to the region, and is supplied through AC power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) pertains to all elements of a solar power system apart from the photovoltaic panels, including inverters, racking, wiring, and supplementary electrical hardware. It is essential for guaranteeing the efficient and reliable operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | Solar energy is absorbed from the solar radiation using PV panels to produce electricity or through thermal solar systems to produce heat. It represents a green, eco-friendly, and environmentally friendly source of power that reduces reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are in home, commercial, and manufacturing sites to generate clean, sustainable electricity from sunlight. They also drive remote and off-grid locations, offering green energy solutions where conventional power grids are not accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A collection of solar-powered items features a selection of devices that harness sunlight to convert energy, encouraging environmentally friendly and eco-conscious living. These products include covering solar energy units and lights to appliances and outdoor tools, delivering flexible solutions for energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | A solar power plant is a facility that converts sunlight immediately into electricity using solar panels. It is a sustainable energy source that helps reduce reliance on fossil fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems combine solar panels with alternative energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to provide a reliable and efficient power supply. They enhance energy use by managing renewable resources and backup options, cutting reliance on fossil fuels and reducing overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | Concentrated photovoltaics use optical lenses plus mirrors focusing solar radiation on high-performance solar cells, greatly boosting power output from a smaller area. This technology is particularly effective in areas with intense, direct sunlight plus, it offers a viable solution to cut expenses related to solar energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
